TypeScript 创建单页天气查询应用程序

TypeScript 创建单页天气查询应用程序TypeScript 是 javaScript 的类型的超集,它可以编译成纯 javaScript。编译出来的 javaScript,使用TypeScript创建单页应用程序(SPA)示例,天气查询。

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关于 TypeScript 是什么,可以在掘金找到很多文章,如想学习一下TypeScript,GitHub是个不错的平台,在文章《收藏GitHub上的7个热门TypeScript项目》介绍几个不错的开源项目。本文将使用TypeScript创建单页应用程序(SPA)示例,天气查询。

准备工作

要完成示例项目,需要在安装 Node.js 和 Angular CLI(一个用于 Angular 的命令行接口):

  • 安装 Node.js:

    1. [下载](https://nodejs.org/en/)适合的版本,选择默认选项来完成安装。
      
    2. 命令行运行 `node -v` 来验证版本号,当前最新版本为 v10.13.0
  • 安装 Angular CLI:

    1. 运行 npm install -g angular-cli 进行安装
    2. 成功完成安装后,命令行运行 ng -v,查看 CLI 版本号

创建基础应用程序和模块

创建一个 Angular 项目

运行下面的命令来生成一个新 Angular 项目(其中 quintion-ng-app 是项目名称):

ng new quintion-ng-app --skip-git

安装所有需要的包和 Angular 基础应用程序,项目结构如下:

image.png

qzcloud-ng-app/src 目录的内容包括:

TypeScript 创建单页天气查询应用程序

image.png

运行应用程序:

ng serve

默认情况下,进程在端口 4200 上启动。可以运行 ng serve --port 4206 命令来指定运行端口号。

打开浏览器并输入http://localhost:4206/。运行结果如图,这表明应用程序已启动、运行并准备就绪。对项目代码的任何修改都将自动重新启动项目。

image.png

将模块组件代码

片段1中,第 16 行显示了 AppModule 模块的声明。

片段1:src/app/app.module.ts

此处代码为项目创建时自动生成的。

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    AppRoutingModule
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]   //启动组件
})
export class AppModule { }

此模块仅包含一个组件AppComponent

组件内部结构

片段2src/app/app.component.ts 文件中的主要应用程序组件的内容。

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({ selector: 'app-root', templateUrl: './app.component.html', styleUrls: ['./app.component.scss'] })
export class AppComponent {
  title = 'quintion-ng-app';
}

这是 app.component.html 文件中的主要应用程序组件的内容:

<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * The content below * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * is only a placeholder * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * and can be replaced. * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * Delete the template below * * * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * to get started with your project! * * * * * * * * -->
<!-- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -->

<style> :host { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol"; font-size: 14px; color: #333; box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { margin: 8px 0; } p { margin: 0; } .spacer { flex: 1; } .toolbar { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; right: 0; height: 60px; display: flex; align-items: center; background-color: #1976d2; color: white; font-weight: 600; } .toolbar img { margin: 0 16px; } .toolbar #twitter-logo { height: 40px; margin: 0 16px; } .toolbar #twitter-logo:hover { opacity: 0.8; } .content { display: flex; margin: 82px auto 32px; padding: 0 16px; max-width: 960px; flex-direction: column; align-items: center; } svg.material-icons { height: 24px; width: auto; } svg.material-icons:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 8px; } .card svg.material-icons path { fill: #888; } .card-container { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; margin-top: 16px; } .card { border-radius: 4px; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fafafa; height: 40px; width: 200px; margin: 0 8px 16px; padding: 16px; display: flex; flex-direction: row; justify-content: center; align-items: center; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; line-height: 24px; } .card-container .card:not(:last-child) { margin-right: 0; } .card.card-small { height: 16px; width: 168px; } .card-container .card:not(.highlight-card) { cursor: pointer; } .card-container .card:not(.highlight-card):hover { transform: translateY(-3px); box-shadow: 0 4px 17px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35); } .card-container .card:not(.highlight-card):hover .material-icons path { fill: rgb(105, 103, 103); } .card.highlight-card { background-color: #1976d2; color: white; font-weight: 600; border: none; width: auto; min-width: 30%; position: relative; } .card.card.highlight-card span { margin-left: 60px; } svg#rocket { width: 80px; position: absolute; left: -10px; top: -24px; } svg#rocket-smoke { height: calc(100vh - 95px); position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 180px; z-index: -10; } a, a:visited, a:hover { color: #1976d2; text-decoration: none; } a:hover { color: #125699; } .terminal { position: relative; width: 80%; max-width: 600px; border-radius: 6px; padding-top: 45px; margin-top: 8px; overflow: hidden; background-color: rgb(15, 15, 16); } .terminal::before { content: "\2022 \2022 \2022"; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 4px; background: rgb(58, 58, 58); color: #c2c3c4; width: 100%; font-size: 2rem; line-height: 0; padding: 14px 0; text-indent: 4px; } .terminal pre { font-family: SFMono-Regular,Consolas,Liberation Mono,Menlo,monospace; color: white; padding: 0 1rem 1rem; margin: 0; } .circle-link { height: 40px; width: 40px; border-radius: 40px; margin: 8px; background-color: white; border: 1px solid #eeeeee; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; cursor: pointer; box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.12), 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.24); transition: 1s ease-out; } .circle-link:hover { transform: translateY(-0.25rem); box-shadow: 0px 3px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); } footer { margin-top: 8px; display: flex; align-items: center; line-height: 20px; } footer a { display: flex; align-items: center; } .github-star-badge { color: #24292e; display: flex; align-items: center; font-size: 12px; padding: 3px 10px; border: 1px solid rgba(27,31,35,.2); border-radius: 3px; background-image: linear-gradient(-180deg,#fafbfc,#eff3f6 90%); margin-left: 4px; font-weight: 600; font-family: -apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol; } .github-star-badge:hover { background-image: linear-gradient(-180deg,#f0f3f6,#e6ebf1 90%); border-color: rgba(27,31,35,.35); background-position: -.5em; } .github-star-badge .material-icons { height: 16px; width: 16px; margin-right: 4px; } svg#clouds { position: fixed; bottom: -160px; left: -230px; z-index: -10; width: 1920px; } /* Responsive Styles */ @media screen and (max-width: 767px) { .card-container > *:not(.circle-link) , .terminal { width: 100%; } .card:not(.highlight-card) { height: 16px; margin: 8px 0; } .card.highlight-card span { margin-left: 72px; } svg#rocket-smoke { right: 120px; transform: rotate(-5deg); } } @media screen and (max-width: 575px) { svg#rocket-smoke { display: none; visibility: hidden; } } </style>

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    <svg id="rocket" alt="Rocket Ship" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="101.678" height="101.678" viewBox="0 0 101.678 101.678">
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    <span>{{ title }} app is running!</span>

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<router-outlet></router-outlet>

元数据

使用 @Component 修饰器附加元数据,接受一个必需的配置对象,该对象包含 Angular 创建和呈现该组件和它的视图所需的信息。

片段2中的代码使用 @Component 配置了 3 个选项:

  • selector:一个 CSS 选择器,告诉 Angular 在父 HTML 文件中找到 selector 标记的地方创建和插入此组件的一个实例
  • templateUrl:组件的 HTML 文件
  • styleUrls:组件的样式表,比如 .scss 文件

组件模板位置

模板是一个 HTML 文件,用于告诉 Angular 如何呈现组件。在 片段2templateUrl属性,指向一个名为 app.component.html 的视图。

组件内的数据绑定

数据绑定用于告诉 Angular 如何呈现组件。在 app.component.ts 文件中,title 的值在类内设置,在 app.component.html 文件中使用。数据绑定可以是单向或双向的。在本例中,如果在双花括号 {{ }} 内提及该变量,则该映射是单向的。值从类传递到 HTML 文件。

自定义组件和路由

基础应用程序有一个模块、一个组件、一个类、一个模板、元数据和数据绑定 — 但它仍缺少 4 个其他的重要部分:

  • 多个组件
  • 路由
  • 服务
  • 微服务的使用

接下来,将创建这些自定义组件。运行以下命令:

  • ng generate component Menu:在 AppModule 根模块(同一个文件夹中)内创建 Menu 组件。
  • ng generate component Weather:在 AppModule 根模块内名为 weather 的子文件夹中创建 Weather 组件。

执行完后将在app.module.ts中添加4个组件的内容:

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

//新添加的4个组件
import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { MenuComponent } from './menu.component';
import { WeatherComponent } from './weather/weather.component';

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    AppComponent,
    MenuComponent,
    WeatherComponent
  ],
  imports: [
    BrowserModule,
    AppRoutingModule
  ],
  providers: [],
  bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

创建路由

要让 Angular 能在组件之间导航,需要创建路由。使用片段3的内容覆盖 menu.component.html 文件,以便 HTML 包含所有组件的正确菜单。

片段3:src/app/menu.component.html

<div class="row">
    <div class="col-xs-12">
        <ul class="nav nav-pills">
            <li routerLinkActive="active"> <a [routerLink]="['/weather']">天气预报</a></li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>

接下来,将 URL 路径映射到组件。在根模块的文件夹中,创建 src/app/app-routing.module.ts 的配置文件,配置如下。

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { Routes, RouterModule } from '@angular/router';
import { WeatherComponent } from "./weather/weather.component";

const routes: Routes = [
  { path: "", redirectTo: "/weather", pathMatch: "full" },
  { path: "weather", component: WeatherComponent }
];

@NgModule({ imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)], exports: [RouterModule] })
export class AppRoutingModule { }

修改 app.component.html内容,代码如下:

<div class="container">
  <app-menu></app-menu>
  <hr>
  <router-outlet></router-outlet>
</div>

app.module.ts 文件中添加路由信息,如下:

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { AppRoutingModule } from './app-routing.module';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';
import { MenuComponent } from './menu.component';
import { WeatherComponent } from './weather/weather.component';

@NgModule({ declarations: [ AppComponent, MenuComponent, WeatherComponent ], imports: [ BrowserModule, AppRoutingModule ], providers: [], bootstrap: [AppComponent] })
export class AppModule { }

再次运行应用程序:ng serve,运行结果如下:

image.png

创建服务

运行以下命令创建服务

ng generate service Shared

添加接口查询服务,需要申请appid的话,可以去天气API网站申请。代码如下:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
import { throwError as observableThrowError } from 'rxjs';
import { catchError, tap } from 'rxjs/operators';

@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root'
})
export class SharedService {

  weatherURL1 = "https://www.tianqiapi.com/api/?version=v61&appid=45999158&appsecret=WL6GeLkx&cityid=";
  weatherURL2 = "&city=";
  totReqsMade: number = 0;
  constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {

  }
  findWeather(cityid, city) {
    this.totReqsMade = this.totReqsMade + 1;
    return this._http
      .get(this.weatherURL1 + cityid + this.weatherURL2 + city)
      .pipe(
        tap((response:any) => response),
        catchError(this.handleError)
      )
  }
  private handleError(error: any) {
    return observableThrowError(error.error || 'Server error');
  }
}
  • @Injectable() :表明此 service 可注入到其他组件中
  • totReqsMade :变量在这里声明,用于在 3 个组件之间传递它的值。将跟踪为获得微服务结果而发出的服务请求总数。
  • 定义了方法:findWeather()

weather.component.ts 替换如下代码:

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { SharedService } from "./../shared.service";

@Component({
  selector: 'app-weather',
  templateUrl: './weather.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./weather.component.scss']
})
export class WeatherComponent implements OnInit {
  cityid: string = "101280601";
  city: string = "深圳";
  op_city: string = "";
  op_region: string = "";
  op_country: string = "";
  op_data: string = "";
  op_today: string = "";
  constructor(public _sharedService: SharedService) {}

  ngOnInit() {}

  callWeatherService() {
    this._sharedService.findWeather(this.cityid, this.city).subscribe(
      lstresult => {
        this.op_city = lstresult["city"];
        this.op_country = lstresult["country"];
        this.op_data = lstresult;
        this.op_today = [lstresult["wea"],[lstresult["tem2"],"-",lstresult["tem1"],"℃"].join("")].join(" ");
      },
      error => {
        console.log("Error. The findWeather result JSON value is as follows:");
        console.log(error);
      }
    );
  }
}

更新 app.module.ts 文件,加入这些服务:

import { BrowserModule } from "@angular/platform-browser";
import { NgModule } from "@angular/core";
import { FormsModule } from "@angular/forms";
import { HttpModule } from "@angular/http";

import { AppComponent } from "./app.component";
import { MenuComponent } from "./menu.component";
import { WeatherComponent } from "./weather/weather.component";
import { CONST_ROUTING } from "./app.routing";
import { SharedService } from "./shared.service";

@NgModule({ declarations: [AppComponent, MenuComponent, WeatherComponent, CurrencyComponent, MovieComponent], imports: [BrowserModule, FormsModule, HttpModule, CONST_ROUTING], providers: [SharedService], bootstrap: [AppComponent] })
export class AppModule {}

组件视图

现在外面需要修改 HTML 文件,加入这些服务的调用。

  • weather.component.html
<h2>天气预报</h2>
<div class="col-md-8 col-md-offset-2">
    <div class="form-group">
        <input type="text" value="{{this.cityid}}" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入城市ID..."><br>
        <input type="text" value="{{this.city}}" class="form-control" placeholder="请输入城市..."><br>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" (click)="callWeatherService()">立即查询</button>
        <br><br><br>
        <br>
        <p class="well lead">
            <i>城市:</i> {{ this.op_city }} {{ this.op_country }} <br>
            <i>天气:</i> {{ this.op_today }} <br>
        </p>
        <p class="text-info">天气服务请求次数:
            <span class="badge">{{this._sharedService.totReqsMade}}</span>
        </p>
    </div>
</div>

运行应用程序

运行应用程序,按照默认值执行查询深圳天气

image.png

功能实现了,接下来就优化ui,这里我们引入bootstrap,在根目录的index.html文件添加样式文件:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-BVYiiSIFeK1dGmJRAkycuHAHRg32OmUcww7on3RYdg4Va+PmSTsz/K68vbdEjh4u" crossorigin="anonymous">

瞬间就变得美观了!

image.png

今天的文章TypeScript 创建单页天气查询应用程序分享到此就结束了,感谢您的阅读。

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