英语 语法笔记一
他:有志者事竟成!
我:对于一个即将有志向的人来说,没有什么事是不可能的。
基础
语序和五种基本句式
-
S V (主 + 谓)
- The universe remains 宇宙长存
-
S V P (主 + 系 + 表)
- The food is delicious 这个食物很美味
-
S V O (主 + 谓 + 宾)
- He took his bag and left 他拿着他的包离开了
-
S V o O (主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾)
- Her father bought her a dictionary 她的爸爸给她买了一本词典
-
S V O C (主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补)
- We made him our monitor 我们选他当班长
be动词的形式和用法
be动词的形式:be, is, am, are, was, were, being, been
- 现在时: is am are
- 过去时: was were
- 将来时: be being benn
用法:联系作用
后面接名词,形容词,地点副词或短语作补足语
1.The man is a teacher.
2.Mary’s new dresses are colorful.
3.My mother was in the kitchen.
BE动词的否定/提问/回答
否定
- 在后面加not或者省略为n’t
- 翻译成:不/没有
提问或回答
- Is he a teacher?
- Yes, he is./No,he isn’t.
- Are you a teacher?
- Yse,I am./No ,I am not.
- Were they teachers?
- Yes,they were./No,they weren’t.
练习
1.他是医生吗?(doctor)
- Is he a doctor?
2.他们昨天在教室吗?(yesterday, chassroom)
- Were they in the classroom yesterday?
- No,they weren./No, they weren’t.
3.他们昨天不在教室.
- They weren’t in the classroom yesterday.
人称代词的主格与宾格
单数形式:i - me, you - you, he - him, she - her, it -it
复数形式:we - us, you - you, they - them
人称代词(主格-宾格) | 物主代词(形容词-名词) | 反身代词 |
---|---|---|
i - me | my - mine | myself |
you - you | your - yours | yourself |
he - him | his - his | himself |
she - her | her - hers | herself |
it - it | its - its | itself |
we - us | our - ours | ourselves |
you - you | your - yours | yourselves |
they - them | their - theirs | themselves |
英语的人称代词按用法分为主格、宾格。形容词物主代词、名词物主代词和反身代词。
主格用于动词前。宾格用于动词后!!!
This is my book. The book is mine. 这是我的书。这书是我的。
That is your desk. Tha t ’ s yours. 那是你的课桌。那是你的。
This is his cup. It ’ s his.这是他的杯子。是他的。
That is her skirt. The skirt is hers. 那是她的短裙。那短裙是她的。
That ’ s its banana. The banana is its. 那是它的香蕉。那香蕉是它的。
This is our classroom. It ’ s ours.这是我们的教室。是我们的。
This is their basketball. It 这是他们的篮球。是他们的。
实义动词
come, read, go, watch, play, fly
动词应该有时态上的变化
- He comes from ShenYang.
他从沈阳回来了,
- She is reading story books.
她正在读故事书。
- They went to America yesterday.
他们昨天去美国了。
- We have watched the game for three times.
我们看这个游戏,看了三遍了。
- My mother will fly back to China next month.
我妈妈下个月将从中国飞回来。
练习:
- 他昨天来上海了。
He came to ShangHai yesterday.
- 我们正在写作业。
We ars writing homework.
- 他们读这本书已经读三遍了。
They have read this boos three times.
实义动词的否定/提问/回答
使用助动词do ,does,did加not进行否定。
否定:
一般现在时中:非第三人称单数时用do,第三人称单数用does,过去时用did
- I don’t go to school by bus.
- She doesn’t watch TV everyday.
- They didn’t swim last night.
提问/回答:
使用助动词进行提问时,将助动词放于句首,动词变原型,其他不变。
- He often palys golf.
Does he often play golf
Yse.he does/No,he doesn’t - They go to school by bus.
Do they go to school by bus?
Yse, they do/No, they do not - Sam had breakfast yesterday.
Did Sam have breakfast yesterday?
Yes, he did/No, he didn’t
练习
- 他每天都学英语吗?(learn English)
Does he learn English everyday.
Yse, he does/No, he doesn’t - Tom 昨天没吃早饭.(have breakfast)
Did Tom have breakfast yesterday?
Yes,he did/No,he didn’t
使用疑问词进行提问和回答1
when, where, who, what, how
- He bought three books yesterday.
- Who bought three books yesterday?
- What did he buy yesterday?
对宾语进行提问用助动词进行提问
- When did he buy thrss books?
与上面解释一样、
疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原型
- They wanted to go to Shanghaiby air.
- Who wanted to go to Shanghai by air?
- Where did they want to go by air?
- How did they want to go to Shanghai?
使用疑问词进行提问和回答2
how long, how far, how ofen, why
- They have been in China for three years.
- How long have they been in China?
- It is about 4 Kilometers from Beijing to Xi’an.
2. How far is it from Beijing to Xi’an? - They come to visit me once a week.
3. How ofen do they come to visit me?原句没有助动词
- She came late, because she missed the bus.
4. Why did came late?
练习
- 他们学汉语多长时间了?
- How long have they learned English?
现在完成时有专属助动词have
- 你多长时间看一次电影?
2. How ofen do you watch movies?一般现在时主语非第三人称的助动词
- 你的家离学校多远?
3. How far is it from your house to your school?一般可以先陈述再转化为疑问句
名词
代表事物或者人的词,代表具体或者抽象的事物或者人
- 可数名词
- 不可数名词 (无法计算的数量或者抽象的概念)
名词复数的变化规则:
- 一般情况下,直接加 s,
- 如: book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds.
- 以 s,x,sh,ch 结尾,加 es,
- 如: bus-buses, box-boxes, watch-watches.
- 以辅音字母加 y 结尾,变 y 为 i, 再加 es,
- 如: family-families, hobby-hobbies.
- 以 f 或 fe 结尾,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加 es,
- 如: thief-thieves, knife-knives.
- 以 o 结尾,加 es,
- 如: mango-mangoes.
- 加 s,如: radio-radios ,photo-photos.
- fee, water, rice 等。(不可数名词相对应的 be 动词是 is/was)
冠词
- 单词或字母的第一个读音是辅音读音: a book, a peach, a “ U”.
单词或字母的第一个读音是元音读音: an egg, an hour, an “F”. - the 要注意的:球类前面不加 the,乐器前面要加 the,序数词前面要加 the。
代词(指示代词与不定代词)
用来代替前文出现过的事物
指示代词: this(these) that(those)
- this is his book.
- those appples were his.
不定代词:指代不确定的人或者事物:one, the other, some other, something,nothing(指代事物不明确)
-
No one knows where he is.
-
Some of the boys want to go to Shanghai,but the others want to go to xi’an.
-
Each of the students has got a book.
练习
- (___) teachers are from China.
- These
- I know (___) about this person.
- nothing
- I have (___) to tell you.
- something
形容词
形容词形容人或者事物的状态,性质,大小等,通常用在名词前 be动词后。
The + 形容词 = 复数名词表示一类人或者事物,后面的动词使用复数
- old - the old 老年人
- young - the young 年轻人
- The old need more care than the old 老年人比年轻人需要更多的关爱
练习
- She is a (__) student
- good
- This bike is (__)
- expensive
- (__) sometimes complain their empty life
富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活- the rich
副词
副词可以修饰动词,形容词,其他副词以及其他的结构
动作发生的程度,时间,等等
- He runs fast
他跑的很快,快修饰跑的速度 - She is very beautiful
她很漂亮。漂亮修饰他的程度 - They work very hard
他们很努力工作,hard修饰工作的动作,very修饰努力的程度
副词的位置
- 根据情况放在助动词之后,实义动词(有实在意义的动作等等)之前或者之后
- 形容词之前,其他副词之前或者之后
- 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词之后
- He speaks very fast
- 2
- They have already left
- already 放在助动词后,实义动词之前
- They have already been repaired
- already放在两个助动词之间
常用的频率副词
always, usually, sometimes,never一般放在动词前面,be动词后面,助动词和实义动词之间
练习
- Please write the word (__)
- showly 请慢慢的写
- They (__) come here
- sometimes 他们有时来这
- The tree is (__) tall
- very 这棵树非常高
不定量表达法一
不知道具体数量
some, any, most, every, all
some,any都表示一些,some主要用于肯定句,希望得到肯定回答时,也可用在疑问句中,any主页用在否定句和疑问句中
I'd been expecting some letters the whole morning ,but there weren’t an for me.
我在等待一些信件整个上午,但是没有任何信件给我。
解析:
这里的some 一个用在肯定句中表示一些,一个用在否定句中。当然用在否定和疑问句中要根据上下文
做一些翻译,不一定一定要翻译成一些但是他的概念是表示一些的。
most作形容词表示大部分的后面可以接复数名词
当然some 与any后面也可以接复数名词也可以接不可数名词,不可数名词没有复数形式。
这里的most接可数名词的话也要变成复数形式,因为most表示大多数.
- Most people here are from china
这里大多数人来自中国
every 表示每一个,所有,后面接单数名词
- Every one likes the film.
每一个人 都喜欢那个电影。- 这个likes 加了s 动词的单三形式一般用在一般现在时当中
all表示所有,后面接可数名词复数或者不可数名词
All the cars are parked in the parking lot.
parking lot 停车场的意思 parked停泊的意思
所有的车都停在了停车场里
//all 后面接的是 可数名词的复数形式
All the coffee is served on time .
所有的咖啡都按时的提供了
//后面接的是不可数名词的单数
练习
- ___ boys went camping yesterday
- some 一些男孩昨天去露营了
- ___ the children like to play
- all 所有孩子喜欢玩
- ___ teachers want to work here
- most 大多数老师想要来着工作
不定量表达法二
both, many
both 表示两者都,可作形容词,代词和副词
- either 是两者之一
- neither是两者都不
Both his eyes were severely burned
他的两只眼睛都被严重烧伤了
There are trees on either side of the street. 大街的任何一边 都有大树
Both做主语时候后面动词使用的是复数形式(were是be过去时复数形式),而这个句子中的either没有做主语,如果either做主语的话后面的动词通常要用单数(因为说的其中的一个)。
many 修饰可数名词,表示“许多”,much 修饰不可数名词,表示"许多"。
还有2个相似的 a lot of (可写成 lots of ) ,plenty of 均可修饰可数与不可数名词。
-
many books(许多书可数名词 名词复数)
-
much water(不可数名词 大量水)
-
a lot of /lots of books/water
- 既可以修饰可数也可修饰不可数当然也可以用plenty of 修饰
练习
-
(Both)the hands are washed
(两个都 )两只手都洗干净了 -
xiaowang drank (much/a lot of /lots of /plenty of 我们用 a lots of)coffee last night
小王 喝了很多咖啡 昨天
不定量表达法三
- a few ,为肯定含义“几个”,few 为为否定函数"没几个",
以上两个词和可数名词连用(后面加上可数名词复数形式)。
例如
例子:
-
(a few )books are put into the box.
几本书放在了盒子里面 -
(few )books are put into the box.
没有几本书放在盒子里面
肯定的 与否定的 a few / few 后面的books 都是复数形式
- a little 为肯定含义"一点儿" little 为否定含义“没多点”
以上两词均可和不可数名词连用。
例如:
-
There is (a little) water in the bottle(瓶子).
瓶子里面有一点水 -
There is (little ) water in the bottle
在瓶子里没多点水
a little /little 后面都是接不可数名词
- none 和 no one 的意思相同 ,主要做代词,翻译为“一个也不,一点也不”用法
稍有区别。
例如
- none 可以接 of 短语,动词可用单数也可用复数。
of 短语就是 什么什么的,当中的。 没有一点 它是一个词组
none 做主语时候 后面的谓语动词可是使用单数也可是复数形式
- no one 不能接of 短语,动词只能接单数.
不能接of短语就是 什么什么当中的,没有任何一个。
如果no one 做了主语后面的谓语动词要使用单数。
例如
-
(No one ) knows the answer .
没有一个人知道那个答案 -
(None ) of us have (has) arrived.
我们当中没有任何一个人到了。
相当于我们 当中的 没有任何一个.使用了of us 短语
总结:学了6个
-
a few few 几个、没几个 后面接可数名词
-
a little little 一点 、没多点 后面接不可数名词
-
None no one
-
no noe 后面不能接of 短语 ,做主语 动词使用单数形式
-
None 后面可以接of 短语,做主语后面动词可是使用单数也可以使用复数
-
练习:
-
(a few ) Books are put into the box
(几本) 几本书放在盒子里 -
there is (a little ) water in the bottle
(一点)
在瓶子里面有一点水 -
( None )of us have (has ) arrived
(没有一个)
我们当中的没有一个人到了。
There/Here (be)用法
There/Here + (be) 根据上下文,有多种翻译方法,一般翻译为‘有’,‘是’,be动词根据后面名词有单复数变化
例句
- There is a book on the bookshelf.
- 书架上有一本书
- There are some books on the bookshelf.
- 书架上有一些书
- Here is the bus stop.
- 这是公交车站
- Here are your books.
- 这是你的书吧
后面名词为主语,所有后面名词决定了be动词的单复数形式
后面名词为不可数时,用单数
时态
一般现在时与现在进行时
一般现在时
一般现在时,表示通常性,规律性,习惯性的状态或者动作,主语是单数第三人称时,动词用单三,主语为非第三人称单数时,动词为原形。
- They often get up at 7:00.
- He often gets up at 7:00.
一般现在时,动词的单三变化
- 在动词尾直接加s。如:play - plays.
- 以字母s,x,ch,o结尾的动词加es。如:guess - guesses
- 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把y变i加es。study - studies
a-e-i-o-u发音
现在进行时
现在进行时表示现在正在进行或者发生的动作,句中通常有now等时间副词呼应,基本构成形式为be+doing
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