提供一份全面的SQL语句实例大全有些困难,因为SQL的应用场景和数据库系统(如MySQL、PostgreSQL、SQL Server、Oracle等)众多,每个系统都有自己特定的功能和语法细节。不过,我可以给出一些常见的SQL语句实例,涵盖基本的数据定义、数据操作、数据查询和数据控制等方面。
数据定义语言(DDL)
创建表
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CREATE TABLE employees (
employee_id INT PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50),
last_name VARCHAR(50),
email VARCHAR(100),
hire_date DATE,
salary DECIMAL(10, 2)
);
修改表
添加列:
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ALTER TABLE employees
ADD COLUMN department_id INT;
删除列:
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ALTER TABLE employees
DROP COLUMN department_id;
修改列类型:
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ALTER TABLE employees
ALTER COLUMN salary TYPE DECIMAL(12,2);
(注意:不同数据库系统的修改列类型的语法可能有所不同)
删除表
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DROP TABLE employees;
数据操作语言(DML)
插入数据
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INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name, email, hire_date, salary)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', 'john.doe@example.com', '2023-01-01', 50000.00);
更新数据
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UPDATE employees
SET salary = 55000.00
WHERE employee_id = 1;
删除数据
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DELETE FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 1;
数据查询语言(DQL,通常与DML一起考虑)
基本查询
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SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees;
条件查询
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SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 50000;
排序查询
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SELECT first_name, last_name, salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY salary DESC;
聚合查询
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SELECT AVG(salary) AS average_salary
FROM employees;
分组查询
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SELECT department_id, COUNT(*) AS employee_count
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
连接查询
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SELECT e.first_name, e.last_name, d.department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;
(注意:这里假设有一个名为departments的表,其中包含department_id和department_name列)
数据控制语言(DCL)
授予权限
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GRANT SELECT, INSERT ON employees TO some_user;
撤销权限
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REVOKE SELECT, INSERT ON employees FROM some_user;
事务控制
开始事务
(在大多数数据库中,这是通过某种形式的BEGIN或START TRANSACTION语句来完成的)
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BEGIN;
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或者
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START TRANSACTION;
提交事务
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COMMIT;
回滚事务
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ROLLBACK;
这些只是SQL语句的一小部分实例。在实际应用中,你可能还会遇到更复杂的查询、子查询、窗口函数、递归查询、触发器、存储过程等高级功能。为了全面掌握SQL,建议参考你所使用的数据库系统的官方文档,并通过实践来加深理解。
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