(二)名词的格 有生命的东西的名词所有格: a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes 并列名词中,如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有, 如: Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加’sTom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:a picture of the classroom a map of China 二.冠词:不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1)不定冠词:a / an a unit / an uncle元音开头的可数名词前用an : an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /(2)定冠词:the the egg the plane
2. 用法:定冠词的用法: 特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk. 复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new. 谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys aren’t at school. 在序数词前:John’s birthday is February the second. 用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening 不用冠词的情况: 专有名词前:China is a big country.名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball. 复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers. 在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday. 一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after class. He plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well. 学科名称前:My favorite subject is music. 在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three
(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion1,001→one thousand and one18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty billion 序数词(1)一般在基数词后加theg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth
(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。 五、介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等 1.at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)
2.on1)表示具体日期。注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种表示法:at(on)the weekend在周末---特指at(on)weekends在周末---泛指over the weekend在整个周末during the weekend在周末期间(2)在圣诞节,应说at Christmas?而不说on Christmas?2)在(刚……)的时候。On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。 3.in1)表示"时段"、"时期",在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪) 六、动词:动词的四种时态:(1)一般现在时:一般现在时的构成 1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。如:I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。 2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:We study English. 我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则 1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2.以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
(2)一般过去时:动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:A、规则动词 ① 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited② 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used③ 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类)④ 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stoppedB、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式: sing – sang , eat – ate ,see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(3)一般将来时:基本结构:①be going to + do;②will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天). = I will go swimming tomorrow.
(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则:① 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating② 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing③ 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting 第三部分:句法 1.陈述句(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子,如: I’m a student. She is a doctor. He works in a hospital. There are four fans in our classroom. He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening. (2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子,如: I’m not a student. She is not (isn’t) a doctor. He does not (doesn’t) work in a hospital. There are not (aren’t) four fans in our classroom. He will not (won’t) eat lunch at 12:00. I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday evening.2. 疑问句一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。3.There be句型There be 句型与have, has的区别 1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人) 2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。 3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。 5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。 6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。 7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? 8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:What’s + 介词短语?
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