原创: 沪上高中英语教学
写在前面:
背单词是很“痛苦”的,但是如果抓住前后缀的规律,你就可以少些“痛苦”,多些快乐。前缀改变词义,后缀改变词性。学好前后缀,词汇量猛增!
一、前缀:
表示方位前缀、表示否定前缀、表示数字数目前缀、表示描述性前缀
1. 表示方位前缀:14个
(1) in-im-ir-il-
①在里面,在内部,向里,往里
include
inject
import
②表否定
incorrect
(2) intra-在里
intranet (内联网)
(3) intro-在里,往里
introduce
(4)en-进入…状态中
enlighten
endanger
(5) ex-
①向外
export
exclude
②前任
ex-wife
(6) pre- pro- 在前,向前,提前
predict
progress
provoke
precaution
(7) fore- anti-在前,提前
foresee
forecast
anticipate=anti+cip(hold)+ate
(8) post- retro-在后,向后
postwar
postgraduate
retrospect (回顾,追溯)
postmodernism (后现代主义)
(9) super- sur-
①超级
superman
②在上面
supervise
surface
(10) sub- sus-在下面
subway
subconscious
subtitle
submit
sustain
(11) under- 在下面
underground
underdeveloped
(12) over- 超过,过分
overfish
overcharge
(13) re-重复,反复
return
(14) dis- tele
①远离,远
disease
disaster
disintegrate
telescope
telecontroller (remote control)
②表否定
dislike
disappear
2. 表示否定前缀:6个
(1) dis- 不
dislike
disappear
(2) in-im-ir-il-不
(b,p, m前面为 im-,在 r前面为 ir- ,l 前是 il-)
infamous
impossible
irregular
illegal
(3) un-不
unhappy
(4) non- 不
nonstop
nonviolent
(5) anti- 反对,反
antismoking
antiwar
(6) contra-counter–ab-ob反对,反,相对
contradict
counterbalance 抵消
counterfeit (feit=makedo) 伪装品
abnormal
object
3. 数字数目前缀:10个
(1) demi-hemi-semi- 半
semiconductor
hemisphere
semifinal
(2) mono- 单一,单独
monolog
monotonous
(3) uni- 单一,单独
uniform
unify
(4) bi-di-du- 二,双
bicycle
dilemma (lemma=situation)
duplicate
(5) tri- 三
tricycle
triangle
(6) cent-百分之一;mill-千分之一;kilo- 千
centimeter
millimeter
kilometer
(7) micro- 微观
microphone
microwave oven
microscope
(8) macro- 宏观
macroeconomics
(9) multi- 多
multimedia
(10) poly-多
polycentric 多中心的
polyfunctional (multifunctional)
4. 表示描述性前缀:10个
(1)bon- bene- =well 好
bonus
benefit(fit=makedo)
(2) mal- =bad 坏
malfunction
malpractice 玩忽职守,渎职
maltreat 虐待
malnutrition
(3) mis- =wrong 错误
misunderstand
misleading
(4) by- vice-副的
by-product
vice-president
(5) co-con-comcor-col-
①共同,全部
coauthor
coexist
cooperate
compose(pose=put)
②加强语气
conduct
(6) syn- sym-=same 相同
synonym
sympathy(pathy=pity)
(7) homo-=same相同
homosexual heterosexual
homogenize
homogenization
(8) inter- =betweenamong在之间
interview
international
interpersonal
(9) trans-=cross穿越,跨越
transfer
transform
transport
transplant
tranmit
translate
(10) auto-=self自己
automate
automation
autobiography
automobile
二、后缀
后缀有很强的语法意义,词汇意义不如前缀明显。后缀可用来构成名词、形容词、动词、副词等。名词、形容词、动词、副词的后缀。
1. 构成名词的后缀:17个
(1)-ability表名词,“能…;性质”
usability, adaptability
(2)-acy表名词,“性质,状态”
intimacy, accuracy
(3)-al表名词,“人,物,状态”
criminal, surival
(4)-ality表名词,“性质,状态”
personality, nationality
(5)-ance表名词,“性质,状况”
assistance
(6)-ancy=ance,表示“性质,状况”
redundancy, expectancy
(7)-ant表名词,“…人”
accountant, assistant
(8)–ary 表名词,“人,场所,物”
secretary
(9)-ation表名词,“行为,过程,结果”
obligation, imagination
(10)-ee表名词,“被动或主动的人”
employee, trainee
(11)–er
①表名词,“…人”
②表名词,“物品,机器”
singer, washer
(12)-hood 表名词,“时期,性质等”
childhood, boyhood
(13)-ism名词表示“各种主义,理论,宗教”
optimism, materialism
(14)-ist表名词,“表示信仰者,专家或从事某活动的人”
nationalist, materialist
(15)-ment表名词,“行为或结果”
movement, agreement
(16)-ness表名词,“性质,状态,”通常加在形容词后面
greatness, kindness
(17) -or表名词,“人或物器”,在一些词根前写成“-ator”
actor, vendor
2. 构成形容词的后缀:12个
(1)-able 表形容词,“可…的,能…”
desirable, changeable
(2)-al表形容词,“…的”
personal, exceptional
(3)-an表名词和形容词,“…地方的人 ,…地方人的”
American, republican
(4)-ary 表形容词,“…的”
elementary, imaginary
(5)-ative表adj.“有…倾向性质的”
talktive, conservative
(6)-atory-ate表形容词,“有…性质的”
obligatory(强制性的,义务的)explanatory
passionate, appropriate
(7)-ful表形容词,“有…的”
grateful, hopeful
(8)-ific表形容词,“产生…的”
scientific, horrific, terrific
(9)-less表形容词,”无…的,不…的”
homeless, helpless
(10)-like表形容词,“像…一样”
dreamlike, childlike
(11)-most表形容词,“最…的”
easternmost, innermost, outmost
(12)-proof防…的,抗…的
waterproof, fireproof
3. 构成动词的后缀:5个
(1)-en 表动词 “变成”
shorten, sharpen
(2)-ize-ise表动词
criticize, memorize
(3)-fy 表动词
identify, testify, justify
(4)- ate表动词
translate, communicate
(5)-ish,表动词
finish, abolish
diminish, establish
4. 构成副词的后缀:5个
(1)-ally
systematically, genetically
(2)-ly
quickly, definitely
(3)-ward,-wards 朝…方向
upward(s), downward(s)
(4)-ways在…方向或位置,以…方式
always, sideways
(5)-wise在…方向或位置,以…方式
otherwise, clockwise
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