英语###

语法与长难句

简单句

一，英语的句子必须具备主谓结构，并且主语一定是谓语动作的发出者，如果有宾语的话，宾语一定是谓语动作的承受者。

英语句子的基本分类：

• 主谓：谓语是实义动词
• 主谓宾：谓语是实义动词
• 主谓表：谓语为系动词有四类，be动词；感官动词，look,smell,taste,sound,feel；表示变化，become,get,turn,grow；表示保持，keep,remain,stay,stand；
• 主谓双宾：很少
• 主谓宾宾补：很少

区分主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补：只需要在最后两个宾语之间加上be动词，如果读起来意思是对的，那就是宾补，否则就是双宾。

二，句子的成分-谓语

谓语：有时态的实义动词或系动词

一句话中谓语能不能多？绝对不能，一句话中只能有一个动词充当谓语，其他动词变成非谓语
1，谓语只能是动词 2，动词只能做谓语 3，所以我们需要把一句话中不作为谓语的动词全部变成不是动词，即非谓语动词(v-ing 主动 v-ed 被动 to v 目的)
注：非谓语动词可以在句子中充当除过位于谓语的所有成分

翻译举例：
1，他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家

he putting on his jacket,locking the door,left home.

2，大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。

Pandas are the rarest members in bear family,mainly living in the forset of Chinese Southwest.

3，长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国1/5的土地

YangZi River,flowing through diverse ecological systems,keeps the home of a sea of endangered species,
irrigating Chinese one-fifth land.

4，我爱你，你爱我 (使用独立主格)

I loving you,you love me.

冬天来了，春天就不远了

Winter approaching,spring will be around the corner.

5，我是一个老师，我喜欢唱歌

Being a teacher,I have passion for singsing songs.

一句话中动词能不能少？绝对不能，当一句话需要动词而又没有时，加 be动词，此时be动词没有意义

谓语的总结：一句话中，有且只能有一个有时态的实义动词或系动词存在，充当谓语

三，句子的成分-主语

主语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句( 引导词+句子 )

一句话中主语能不能少？绝对不能

若一句话中缺少主语，
1.加 it 做主语，必须与天气，温度，时间有关系

雨一直下:

It is raining.

机舱里很闷

It  feels exceedingly hot in the cabin.

2，there be(seem,exist,remain) 句型，听到 “有” 的时候使用

有很多人喜欢我

There exist a host of undergraduates being fascinated with me.

3，被动，听到一句话没有主语或者人称代词做主语

必须指出坚持很重要

Persistance must be pointed out outstandingly crucial.

越来越多的人认为过度捕捞很严重

Overfishing is claimed more than fearful by an increasing amount of professors.

如果有梦想，就应该会成功

If there seems a dream,glories are supposed to be achieved.

存在三种情况没有被动：动词后面有介词时，无被动；系动词无被动；have 表示 “有” 的意思时，无被动；

4，人称代词做主语(I you we)，不到万不得已，最好不要使用

四，句子的成分-宾语，表语

宾语的成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句

表语成分：名词，代词，非谓语动词，从句，形容词，介词短语

五，简单句的考点分析

写作：

• 所有写不来的长难句都可以写成简单句，一定要保证语法正确
• 所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我要表达的意思

长难句分析：

• step1:找这句话中的动词，即谓语，从而找到主谓宾或主谓表
• step2:若一句话中找到多个动词，就确定主句的谓语动词

翻译练习：
1，这两天心里很不爽

I feel exceedingly upset these two days.

2，全球在变暖

It is becoming warm through the world.

3，嫉妒本身就是一种仰望

Jealousness itself seems a kind of worship.

4，有意义就是好好活，好好活就是做有意义的事情

Being meanful proves to live well,living well seems to do meanful things.

5，建议政府采取措施来缓解这个问题

Authorities should be suggested to take actions so as to relieve the problem.

6，毫无疑问，溺爱孩子的问题很严重

There exists little doubt that the issue of spoiling children is becoming growingly severe.

并列句

一，什么是并列句？使用连词连接的两个句子称为并列句

将两个句子合并为一句：独立主格；并列句；从句。

英语中常见的连词：

表示平行

• 连词：and ; not only … but also …
• 其他逻辑关系词：similarly;likewise;equally;at the same time;in the meanwhile

表示转折

• 连词：but;yet;while;whereas
• 其他逻辑关系词：however;nevertheless;on the contrary;conversely;unexpectedly;unfortunately;by contrast

表示选择

• 连词：or ; whether … or …
• 其他逻辑关系词：alternatively

表示因果

• 连词：for ; so
• 其他逻辑关系词：therefore ; thus ; consequently ; as a result

表示递进

• 连词：then
• 其他逻辑关系词：besides ; furthermore ; moreover ; additionally ; subsequently ; in addition

二，并列句考点分析

写作：只要写作的上下文之间有逻辑关系，就要使用逻辑关系词(连词；副词；介词；介词短语)

1，爱情早已不在，她还停留在过去

Romance has evaporated.On the contrary she still misses the past.

连词与其他逻辑关系词的区别：使用连词时，可以在连词前加逗号，也可以不加；使用其他逻辑关系词，要么加句号，要么加 and

2，有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？

There seem an army of companies coming from afar,and comsequently I feel more than delighted.

3，都说我如水百变，可知我清澈不变

I am claimed changeable like water.By contrast my charity keeps consistent.

完形填空：只需要读懂逻辑关系词前后两句话的意思

长难句分析：只要见到并列连词的出现，通常都会有省略

• step1:找主句的谓语动词
• step2:找连词，若连词连接两个单词时，这个连词视作不见

如何查找省略的成分？一句话中只要有省略，就一定会在连词之后省略，不可能是连词之前；所以连词之后有的成分，连词之前 (通常) 会有；连词之前存在而连词之后不存的内容，便为省略的内容

The data suggest,for example,that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their
parents, (more likely to be) sought out as friends,and (more likely to be) pursued romantically.

例如，数据表明，颜值高的人更容易得到父母的宠爱，更容易交到朋友，更容易被异性追求。

There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or (methodology
refers)to the research technique appropriate to the various branches historical inquiry.
agreement:协议,意见 methodology:方法论 refer to:指的是 be peculiar to :...所特有的... be appropriate to：适合于 inquiry:询问

方法论指的是一般历史工作所特有的概念，还是指的是适用于各个历史研究分支的研究技术，人们没有达成一致的建议。

Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected and with it possibly the only way 
to solve our problem(will continue to be rejected).
and + 介词短语 + 状语 + 名词 + 定语

代词指代题的做题方法：就近原则和 一致原则(语法上的一致和意思上的一致)

在这些问题解决之前，行为技术将继续被排斥，解决我们问题的唯一方法也可能将继续被排斥。

Darwin was conviced that(认为) the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness,but()
might possibly be injurious to the intellect,and(be injurious) more probably to the moral character.

名词(短语)和名词性从句

一，名词(短语)在句子中能够充当什么成分？

主语:The book looks terrific.
宾语:I appreciate the man.
表语:He becomes a businessman.
同位语:I enjoy the part,the end.
同位语：就是用来解释名词的成分 I love my mom,a kind housewife.
Overfishing,a universal issue throughout the world,has become increasingly fearful under modern conditions.

二，什么是名词性从句？名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都可以充当。名词性从句分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句这四类。

主语从句:What i read looks terrific.
宾语从句:I appreciate What he did.
表语从句:He becomes who we should learn from.
同位语从句:I enjoy the part that they stay together.

三，名词性从句的引导词 是按照从句的类型进行分类，将引导词分为三类：

• that：从句为陈述句，无意义，从句中不充当成分
• whether：从句为一般疑问句，是否，从句中不充当成分
• 特殊疑问词：从句为特殊疑问句，并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，正常翻译，

他已经离婚了是我的错误
That he has got divorced is my fault.
他离婚了吗是显而易见的
Whether he has got divorced is obvious.
他将会和谁结婚是个秘密
Who he will marry is a secret.

女人总是对的是一个常识
That ladies tend to be right proves common knowledge.
我正在思考我应该减肥吗
I am wondering whether i should lose my weight.
有一天你会发现,事业亲情友情都比爱情重要
One,someday,will perceive that career, kinship and friendship prove more crucial that romance.
在正式文体中,one 比 you 更正式
关键是你什么时候有钱
The point seems when wealth will becomes available for you.
他们为什么离开家乡去西藏是一个迷
Why they left their hometown for Tibet keeps a mystery.

四，名词性从句的考点的分析

1，写作：

主语从句的满分句型：把主语从句放到句末，加 it 做形式主句。本句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子。

It ... that ...
It proves apparent that ...
It looks beyond dispute that ...
It has been widely accepted that ...
It seems universally acknowledged that ...
It keeps my argument that ... (我认为 ...)

成功属于全力以赴的人已经为无数个事实所证明
It has been proved by a sea of facts that success belongs to individuals who try their best.(尽力而为)
It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those who spare no efforts.(全力以赴)
显而易见关于孝敬父母这个话题已经在大学生当中引起热议
It seems universally acknowledged that the issue about respecting parents causes disputs by graduates.
It has been widely accepted that the issue about respecting the elderly has been brought into the limelight.

同位语从句：

他已经找到了女朋友，这件事让他的家人很高兴
The fact that he has made a girlfriend makes his families more than delighted.
The matter that he has found a girlfriend makes his families rejoiced.
没有什么能够掩盖他正在变老这个事实
Nothing can hide the truth that he has been becoming old.
她的丈夫去世了，这个消息传遍了整个村庄
The message that her husband died was known the whole village.
The message that her husband passed away was spread the whole village.
温室的花朵不能经历风雨，这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子
The truth that flowers in the green house are killed by wind or rain proves that children are not supposed to be spoiled.
The truth that flowers in the greenhouse fail to undergo storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled by 
their families.

2，长难句分析：能够快读地识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们快读的翻译出来

识别主语从句：只要见到有引导词放在句首，且和主语的谓语动词没有使用逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句；it … that 通常也是主语从句，主语从句从 that 开始，句末结束，it 只是形式主语

That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.
现在显而易见板块在移动
Whether the government shoule increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa ()
often denpends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
whether ... or ... at the expense of ...:以...为代价 finance:资助,融资  pure:纯的 
政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入,这取决于哪一个是驱动力的问题.(好难)
(How well the predictions will be validated by later performance) (depends upon) (the amount,reliability,and
appropriateness) (of the information uesd) and (depends)on the skill and wisdom (with which it is interpreted).
以后的行为将会在多大程度的证明这些预言取决于所使用信息的数量,可靠性和合适性,还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧。(好难)
It is generally agreed (that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily , make 
distinctions,reason logical,and make ues of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems).
显而易见，一个高智商的人是一个轻易地抓住思想,做出辨别,逻辑推理,还能够使用口头和数学上的符号来解决问题的人.
For example,it has long been known (that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet,upon 
examination of the dead bodies,the animal look completely normal).
举个例子，显而易见的是睡眠的完全剥夺对老鼠来说是致命的,但是,通过检查这些尸体,这些动物看起来完全正常.

识别宾语从句：只要实义动词的后边有引导词，就暂定为宾语从句 (可能为状语从句) 。

She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.
that 在引导宾语从句可以省略.
I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.
if 翻译为 是否 时,只能引导宾语从句,而 whether 可以引导所有的名词性从句
This alone demonstrates (that the television business is not an easy world to survive in).A fact (underlined 
by statistics) shows (that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989).
business: 公司 可数名词  行业 不可数名词  take a loss:亏损
这单独的说明了电视行业不是一个容易生存的世界.一个有数据支撑的事实表明在80个欧洲电视网络之中至少有50%在1989年亏损.
You have all heard it repeated (that men of science work by means of induction and deduction,that 
by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sence,manage to extract from Nature (certain natural
laws),and that (out of) these,by some special of their own,they build up their theories).
你可能重复的听过,科学家通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，在这些操作的帮助下,他们在某种意义上成功从自然界提取到一些自然法则,并且在这些自然法则
之中，他们通过自己的一些特殊技巧建立了自己的理论.

识别表语从句：只要系动词的后边有引导词，通常都是表语从句。

A report (consistently brought back by visitors to the US) is (how friendly,courteous and helpful most 
Americans were to them).
一个由美国的游客带回来的报告是,大部分的美国人对他们是多么友好,客气并且乐于助人.
Galileo's greatets glory was (that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope
on the heavens to prove that the plants revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth).
伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是使用新发明的望远镜观察天空证明行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是地球的第一人.

识别同位语从句：只要在名词后面有引导词，就暂定为同位语从句。(还有可能是定语从句)

(Being interested in the relationship of language and thought),Whorf developed the idea (that the 
structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society).
对语言和思维的关系感兴趣,whorf形成了一种想法,这种想法就是语言的结构决定了一个社会中习惯性的思维方式.
A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory (that dreams were the disguised shadows of 
our unconscious desires and fears).
一个世纪之前,Freud 阐述了他的理论,这个理论是梦是我们无意识欲望和恐惧的假装的影子.
Evidence came up (that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 mouth old).
六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话声音的证据出现了

定语和定语从句

一，什么是定语？

只要在中文听到 “…的” + 名词，”…的” 就是修饰这个名词 (短语) 的定语成分。

二，定语的成分

形容词做定语 : 
The innocent nightingable died.
The nightingale innocent and brave died.
名词 (短语) 作定语
The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
介词短语修饰名词
The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the youngster.
非谓语动词作定语
The singing nightingale lose his life.
从句做定语

三 ， 定语的位置

前小后大：当一个名词修饰名词时，通常放在名词前；多个单词修饰名词时，通常放在名词后；

这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事
This keeps a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.(介词短语作定语)
那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会
The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
那个被抛弃的男人看起来很可怜
The boy dumped looks outstandingly pitiful.
当过去分词修饰名词的时候,通常放在名词后
我有重要的事情告诉你
I have something important to say.
当形容词修饰不定代词时,通常放在名词后

四，定语从句

定语从句的构成：n. + 引导词 + 句子；

定语从句的引导词：引导词按照先行词的种类分类，一共分为 5 类：

• 人：who whom whose
• 物：that which whose
• 时间：that which when
• 地点：that which where
• 原因：taht which why

谁决定引导词的用法？先行词；引导词在从句中能够充当的成分

示例
I will never forget the day when I met you.
I will never forget the day that/which we spent.
You had better hava some reason why you are late.
You had better have some reason that/which sounds perfect.

定语从句的引导词：还可以按照引导词本身的词性分

• 代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语，who whom that which
• 副词，在从句中不充当主干成分，where when why
• 形容词，在从句中修饰离它最近的名词，whose

我喜欢家里有钱的男生
Boys whose families keep wealthy never fail to fascinate me.
夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了
The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life  was discarded.
这个老人在他的儿子回家的那天去世了
The elderly passed away on that day when his son arrived.

五，定语从句的特殊用法

1,that 引导定语从句时,如果在从句中充当宾语,可以省略
我喜欢我妈妈做的饭
I enjoy the lunch (that) my mother cooks
所以在分析长难句时,如果见到两个名词或者代词放在一起,中间没有被隔开,通常都是省略that的定语从句
2,区别限制和非限制性定语从句
I love liu who is beautiful. 我喜欢美丽的liu.
I love liu,who is beautiful. 我喜欢liu,她很美丽.
非限制性定语从句在分析长难句时,就相当于插入语,可以先忽略
3,先行词和引导词之间有介词的话,人不用who 用whom,物不用that 用which
Gump is a man who we should learn from.
Gump is a man from whom we should learn.
I will never forget the day on which i met you.
4,区别 the same ... as ...;the same ... that... 引导的定语从句
He is the same man as I love.他就像我爱着的那个男人
He is the same man that I love.他就是我爱着的那个男人
5,which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个句子,只能放在句子后
as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰整个句子,可前可后
My husband enjoys chatting with other young ladies,which/as drives me mad.
As drives me mad,my husband enjoys chatting with other young ladies.

六，区分定语从句和同位语从句

1,定语从句是对前面名词的修饰;而同位语从句是对前面名词的解释
2,看引导词that在从句中是否充当成分
3,定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词,而同位语的先行词是抽象名词
4,定语从句的引导词有8个;而同位语从句的先行词一般是that
I have a dream that sounds ridiculous.
I have a dream that i become a rich lady.

七，定语从句的至难点

1,寻找先行词,定语从句的先行词就是离他最近的那个名词(短语)
2,定语从句的先行词是它前面几个并列的名词
For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being
a loyal employee.
对于工人来说,它意味着来自一位忠实员工的安全,利益和责任感的结束.
3,定语从句的先行词是它之前的一个从句
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,
which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
long before:很久以前
希腊人认为语言的结构和思维的过程有一些联系,在人们认识的语言是多样化之前,这种观点早就扎根于欧洲
4,定语从句的先行词是他之前的整个句子
My husband enjoys talking with other young ladies,which really gets me go mad.
5,定语从句的先行词与引导词隔开
The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable (reactions) in the listener (which) interfere
with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.
说话者使用的话语可能会激起听者的不利反应,这干扰他的理解;因此,传输-接收系统崩溃。

八，定语和定语从句的考点分析

写作：只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识地给它加一个定语修饰，把句子拉长

n looking very adj + as well as + adj
abstract n or plural n can make some examples: n + such as n,n and n

Raising pets (looking strikingly cute as well as smart) can reduce loneliness of senior citizens
(who have no any descendants).
Respecting the elderly (who have spent years of time and energy bringing us up) keeps a Chinese 
traditional virtue(with a long history).
Reading books (that proves famous masterpieces) can broaden horizon (of youngsters).
Reading books (which are beneficial to both the physical and mental health) can broaden horizon (of readers).

英汉差异的对比：汉语注重意合，英语注重形合。体现在句子结构；逻辑关系词的使用；汉语多主动，英语多被动；汉语多短句，英语多长句 (非谓语动词，连词，从句)；

乌镇是浙江的一个水镇,它位于景州大运河旁边.
Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province,locating near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou.
Wuzhen is a water town in Zhejiang province,and at the same time it locates near the river 
from Beijing to Hangzhou.
Wuzhen which locates near the river from Beijing to Hangzhou is a water town in Zhejiang province.
我昨天过去踢球,在操场遇到了一个女人,她的女儿看起来很可爱
I met a lady whose daughter looked more than cute when I played basketball games in the playground
yesterday.

长难句分析：能够找到一句话当中的定语成分，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来，并找定语的关键就是找名词，名词之后若不是动词，暂定为修饰名词的定语成分 (可能会是状语) 。一个大定语之中通常会有小定语，每一个小定语都是到下一个名词后结束，但是固定搭配除外。

Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences 
of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
一些原因完全是社会需要的合理结果,另外一些是在某种程度上自我加速的科学上特殊进步的合理结果.
In short,a leader (of the new shool) contends,"the scientific revolution,as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use (of a series of instruments | that expanded the reach | of science | in innumerable directions)"
简而言之，新学派的一位领导者认为，"科学革命，正如我们所说的，主要是一系列仪器的改进、发明和使用，这些仪器将科学的范围 扩展到了无数个方向".
In Europe,as elsewhere,muti-media groups have been increasingly successful groups (which bring together
television,radio,newspaper,magazines and publishing house that work in relation to one another).
在欧洲,正如其他地方一样,多媒体集团已经是越来越成功的,这些集团整合了工作彼此相关的电视,广播,报纸,杂志和出版社.
Creating a "European identity" (that respects the different cultures and traditions | which go to make up 
the connecting fabric | of the Old Continent) is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.
创造一个旧大陆相互联系桥梁的尊重不同文化和传统的欧洲身份不是简单的任务，还需要一个战略性的选择。
Astrophysicists (working with ground-based detectors | at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments)
are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
借助于南极地基探测器和球载仪器天体物理学家正在观察这结构,并且很快报告他们的发现结果.
After six month of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates,Australia's Northern Territory
become the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill 
patients who wish to die.
在争论6个月和最终议会激烈讨论16个小时以后,澳大利亚北部地区变成了世界上第一个允许医生结束那些想死的绝症病人的合法政府.
Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends therefore,
upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and (depends)upon such factors as
costs and availability.
是否使用测试,其他类别的信息还是在一个特殊情况下两者都用取决于关于相对有效性的来自经验的证据,还取决于例如成本,可得到性的因素.

状语和状语从句

一，形容词和副词能够充当的成分

形容词：名词之前做定语，系动词之后做表语，修饰名词

副词：修饰形容词，动词，副词，句子

二，什么是状语

状语就是在一句话中修饰形容词，动词，副词，句子的成分

修饰成分就只有定语和状语，定语修饰名词，状语修饰其他

三，状语的成分

副词,副词短语;介词短语;非谓语动词;从句 做状语

She smiles sweetly. I tried again and again.
He runs fase like a crazy dog.
He leaves,crying.
I will return the book as soon as I have time.

状语的位置 任意

四，状语从句

状语从句引导词的分类：按照引导词本身的意思进行分类，一共把引导词分为九类

1.时间状语从句:when = while = as,before,after,since,the moment = as soon as,by the time 到…为止,not … nutil

while 译为 当…的时候,主句 + 进行时态

状语从句的时态问题:
在所有的状语从句中,如果主句的动作和从句的动作都尚未发生的话,主将从现
When love comes,I will hold her hands.
When love came,I failed to hold her hands.
区别 until 和 not ... until 
看主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词还是延续性动词,如果是延续性动词,使用until;如果是瞬间动词,就用not ... until
我会一直等直到他来
I will not leave until you come.
I will wait here until you come.

2.地点状语从句 ：where

这种树在超市地方生长得很好
The tree grows well in wet places.
The tree grows well where it is wet.

3.原因状语从句：because,as,since,in that,seeing that,considering that,now that,given that (引导词), for (连词),because of,due to,
owing to,thanks to,for the sake of ,as a result of (介词短语)

He had a car accident because he was careless.
He had a car accident for he was careless.
He had a car accident because of his carelessness.

4.目的状语从句：to,in order to,so as to (动词不定式),so that , in order that (引导词)

为了看的更远我们爬的更高
In order to see farther,we climb higher

5.结果状语从句：so + adj/adv + that … ; such + n + that …
作文中主要出现形容词或副词的位置，都可以写成 so … that … 句型

I feel so delighted that I can't help shouting and jumping.

6.让步状语从句：although,though,even though,even if , as,while(引导词),

while 译为 虽然，尽管 引导让步状语从句，只能放在句首

She is a beauty although she seems lazy.
Pursuing stars exerts influence on study of youngsters although their sings sounds toughing.

7.方式状语从句：as,the way,as if,as though 好像，似乎 (引导词)，by,by means of,in … way,in … manner (介词短语)

He talks with me as if he had known me three years ago.

8.条件状语从句：suppose that,supposing that,if,unless,provided that,as long as,so long as, (引导词)

9.比较状语从句：as … as ,than,

你看起来和我一样漂亮
You look as beautiful as I.

五，状语和状语从句的考点分析

写作：作文中任何一句话都可以加状语成分，把句子拉长。

I love you.
I love you deeply.
I love you when I firstly see you.
I love you in my deep mind.
I love you although you look not beautiful.

长难句分析：能够快读找到一句话当中的状语成分，并且通顺的翻译出来

识别状语：主要在句子中见到 副词，条件，原因，目的，结果，让步，方式，比较，伴随状语 (with ) ，通常都是状语。时间，地点如果放在名词后，有可能是定语，也可能是状语，若无法确定时，定语优先

翻译：状语和状语从句通常翻译在离它最近的那句话之前，或者那句话主谓之间

Social science is (that branch of intellectual enquiry (which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 
(in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner) (that natural scientists use for the
study of natural phenomena))).
社会科学是一个知识研究的分支,这个分支旨在用一种同样的理性,有序,系统,和冷静的方式研究人类和他们的行为,自然科学家也用这种方式
研究自然现象.
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change (partly because the explanatory items often seem to
be directly observed) and (partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find).
行为科学之索引缓慢的发展,是因为一些解释能够直接观察到,还因为其他种类的解释很难直接被找到.
While it is easy to ignore (in our contact with them) the effect of our acts upon their disposition,
it is not easy (as in dealing with adults).
虽然在与年轻人接触时,我们容易忽略行为对年轻人情感的影响,但是在和成年人接触时,就没有这么容易了
Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives,it is perfectly ordinary as you see
that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.
尽管精神健康在我们的良丹妙药,但是它很普通正如你看到的那样,在所有你需要做出艰难抉择时，它就在那里指导你.

特殊结构

一，强调句型 (不能强调谓语)

it is ... that ...
我昨天在街上遇到了我的旧情人
I met my old flame in the street yesterday.
It was yesterday that I met my old flame in the street.
It was I that met my old flame in the street yesterday.

写作：满分句型

就是在我的女儿出生以后,我才意识到母亲的伟大
It was after my daughter was born that I realized the greatness of the mother.
有很多的原因解释我的观点
These exist a sea of causes to explain my perspective.
It is a sea of causes that these exist to explain my perspective.

长难句分析：翻译时，需要去点 it is … that … 还原成句子本身的形式，再翻译

But it is the arrival of new satellite channels that will bring about the biggest changes in the 
long term.
长期来看,新的卫星频道的到来将会带来最大的改变.
Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea
of force the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.
at the mercy of ... 在...的支配下  to one\'s bidding  服从/听从于...
也许,在洪水和干旱的支配下,人类遭受的痛苦使水服从于水的想法变得如此迷人.

二，倒装

什么是倒装？把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话提个助动词或者be动词放在句首，

倒装的具体用法：否定词放在句首用倒装；so,nor,neither 位于句首，表明承前的肯定或者否定时用倒装；含 so … that … 结构的句子将 so 引导的部分置于句首时用倒装；only 引出的状语位于句首时用倒装；as 引导的让步状语从句，从句的表语可以放在句首构成部分倒装；省略 if 的虚拟语气用倒装

Never will I love you.
Not only do pets do harm to their neighbors and families but also pollute the environment.
He can\'t cook,so can I.
So delighted do I feel that I can\'t help jumping and dancing.
So quicking does she run that a crazy dog fails to catch up with her.
Only in my deep mind do I love you.
Ugly as i am,i am gentle.

倒装的考点分析：

写作：所有的倒装都是写作的满分句型

在任何情况下,父母都不能忽略培养孩子自信的重要性.
Under no circumstances can Parents fail to shed light on cultivating the confidence of their children.
我累的浑身都没有劲了
So exhausted do i feel that i have no any strength all over.
当外面下雨的时候,只有在自己的家里,我才感到安全和放松
Only at home do i feel safe and relaxed when it rains outside.

长难句分析：只要在长难句见到一般疑问句的形式，通常都是倒装。还原倒装部分后，在做翻译。

For example,they do not compensate fro gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged
youngsters might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
举例,考试不能弥补明显的社会不公,因此考试不能说如果一个普通的年轻人在一个更公平的环境下成长他将能变得多么能干.

三，虚拟语气

什么是虚拟语气？虚拟语气表示与事实相反或者是语气委婉

虚拟语气的一般用法：if 引导的条件状语从句

如何把一个正常的条件状语从句变成虚拟语气？只需要把已经写好的句子变成过去式即可
注：虚拟语气中，所有be动词的过去式通常是 were，没有was；虚拟语气中，would = could = might

如果你是我眼中的一滴泪,我就永远不会哭泣
If you are a tear in my eyes,I will never shed it.
If you were a tear in my eyes,I would never shed it.
如果我是一条狗,那么我就能伴你入睡
If i was a dog last night,i could sleep with you in bed.
If i had been a dog last night,i could have slept with you in bed.
如果下辈子我还记得你,我们死都要在一起
If i still remember you in my next life,we will definately stay together.
If i still remembered you in my next life,we would definately stay together.
Did i still remember you in my next life,we would definately stay together.
如果当初你听我的话,你就已经可以通过这次考试
If you had followed me at the beginning,you could have passed the examination smoothly.
Had you followed me at the beginning,you could have passed the examination smoothly.

虚拟语气的特殊语法：以下情况从句用 “should + v ” 表示虚拟，并且 should 可以省略

以防 (in case that;for fear that;lest)，命令 (order;direct;command)，建议 (suggest;adverse;propose)，要求 (ask;request;require;demand) 从句使用 “should + v ” 表示虚拟

以防下雨,你最好呆在家里
In case that it (should) rain,you had better stay at home.
政府鼓励人们保护环境是有必要的
It seems necessary that authorities should inspire their citizens to protect our environment.

虚拟语气考点分析

写作：可以在作文中使用

长难句分析：无论句子有没有使用虚拟语气，都可以直接翻译，同 if 引导的条件状语从句。

四，插入语

插入语：就是放在句子主谓之间，被逗号或者破折号隔开的部分，阅读理解不用看，翻译还是需要翻译出来

后记：这部分的笔记需要去背，语法和长难句的练习题需要做完，这块读一读即可。

补充：英语语法体系

直达链接：英语语法体系

食之无味，弃之可惜 可以先看长难句在看补充

21年刘晓艳英语六级

直达链接：21年刘晓艳英语六级全程班

词汇

这东西是真的看不下去 ， 更倾向于背单词软件这一部分或者从阅读中记一下单词

语法

这部分和语法和长难句部分有重合部分，所以这部分就开倍速刷刷耳朵，主要以查漏补缺为主。

英语句子分类：

• 简单句 (主谓，主谓宾，主谓表，主谓双宾，主谓宾宾补)
• 并列句
• 复合句

主谓双宾
A visit to elderly people brings them great laughter and joy.
两个宾语中 与 谓语动词发生之间关系的就是 直接宾语,否则为间接宾语
great laughter and joy 直接宾语,them 间接宾语 

放弃，感觉没有意义

阅读

Reading Comprehension (35% * 710) 做题时间 40 分钟

• section A:filling in the blanks (5% 35.5) 10 ~ 15 min
• section B:matching(10% 71) 10 ~ 15 min
• section C:intensive reading(20% 142) 18~20 min
  (补充 ： 翻译 20~25min)

完整的做题顺序：作文，听力，精读，匹配，翻译，选词填空

filling in the blanks

考试要求：1 passage 280~300 words 10 min (10 ~ 15 min)

解题步骤：

• 精度文章首句，牢记话题 (首句无空，确定主旨)
• 选项词性归类 (词性看后缀，名词，形容词，动词，副词，)
• 根据语句特点，缺那类词选那类词，遇见不确定的空，最后再选
• 纵观全文，检查确认

能力考查：句型结构(语法成分划分)，

参考文献

刘晓艳 <<不就是语法和长难句>>

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