本篇文章仅是个人理解,可能不是很正确,还需后续修正补充。
1 半助动词概念
半助动词在功能上介于主动词和助动词之间的一类结构,称为半助动词。
- (1) 半助动词充当情态动词。协助主动词。后接动词原型。
- (2) 半助动词充当主动词。具有时态和语态,每一个半助动词只能表示一种时态,一种语态。后接省略to的动词不定式或名词。
2 半助动词有哪些?
半助动词分四类:
- (1) be 型
- (2) have 型
- (3) seem 型
- (4) 特殊的
2.1 be 型
一般be + 形容词/介词 + to
be + 形容词 + to
eg:
- be able to
- (1) 作情态动词
- An open-minded person
is able to
adapt to new conditions.
一个开明的人能够适应新情况。
- An open-minded person
- (2) 作主动词
- He should
be able to
lead a perfectly normal life.
他应该能够过上完全正常的生活。
- He should
- (1) 作情态动词
- be going to
- (1) 作情态动词
- He
is going to
recite a poem.
他将要朗诵一首诗。
- He
- (2) 作主动词
- I’ll
be going to
London for a few days.
我要去伦敦去待几天。
- I’ll
- (1) 作情态动词
- be likely to
- (1) 作情态动词
- He
is likely
to let you down.
他可能使你失望。
- He
- (2) 作主动词
- We’ll
be likely to
hire several people this month.
这个月我们很有可能雇佣一些人
- We’ll
- (1) 作情态动词
- be meant to
- (1) 作情态动词
- Beaujolais
is meant to
be a really good wine.
博若莱葡萄酒是公认的佳酿。
- Beaujolais
- (2) 作主动词
- You must
be meant to
play the piano.
你一定注定就是要弹钢琴。
- You must
- (1) 作情态动词
- be obliged to
- (1) 作情态动词
- Every clause
is obliged to
obtain a finite verb.
每个句子必须包括一个限定动词。
- Every clause
- (2) 作主动词
- I shall
be obliged to
go tomorrow.
明天我不得不去。
- I shall
- (1) 作情态动词
- be supposed to
- (1) 作情态动词
- The price
is supposed to
be marked on the shelf
价格应该标在货架上。
- The price
- (2) 作主动词
- Our country should
be supposed to
take this law as the main basis to response to the thunderbolt.
我国应对突发事件就应该以该法为主要依据。
- Our country should
- (1) 作情态动词
- be willing to
- (1) 作情态动词
- He
is willing to
wait.
他情愿等待。
- He
- (2) 作主动词
- Few firms will
be willing to
gamble on new products .
很少有公司愿意冒险开发新产品。
- Few firms will
- (1) 作情态动词
be + 介词 + to
- be about to
- (1) 作情态动词
- We
were about to
start when it rained.
下雨时,我们即将出发。
- We
- (2) 作主动词
- new era seemed to
be about to
dawn for the coach and his young team
对于那名教练和他的年轻球队来说,一个崭新的时代似乎即将到来。
- new era seemed to
- (1) 作情态动词
- be due to
- (1) 作情态动词
- President Bush
is due to
visit the country next month.
布什总统定于下月访问该国
- President Bush
- (2) 作主动词
- The results could simply
be due to
chance.
这结果可能纯属意外。
- The results could simply
- (1) 作情态动词
2.2 have 型
eg:
- have to
- (1) 作为情态动词
- The boy
has to
make a living by begging.
男孩不得不通过乞讨维持生计。
- The boy
- (2) 作主动词
- You’ll
have to
move ─ you’re in my way.
你得挪一挪,你挡了我的路。
- You’ll
- (1) 作为情态动词
- have got to
- (1) 作为情态动词
- They
have got to
abide by the rules.
他们必须遵守规则。
- They
- (2) 作主动词
- They will
have got to
Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天这个时候他们就已经到上海了
- They will
- (1) 作为情态动词
- had better
- (1) 作为情态动词
- I
had better
give a few particulars about myself.
我最好还是详细讲一下我自己的情况。
- I
- (2) 作主动词
- pass
- (1) 作为情态动词
2.3 seem 型
eg:
- seem to
- (1) 作情态动词
- He
seems to
be very disappointed.
他好像非常失望。
- He
- (2) 作主动词
- Nobody here can
seem to
find you.
似乎没有人找得到你
- Nobody here can
- (1) 作情态动词
- appear to
- (1) 作情态动词
- The Democrats now
appear to
be in the lead.
现在看来好像民主党人占优势。
- The Democrats now
- (2) 作主动词
- Time would
appear to
be the significant factor in this whole drama.
时间似乎是整部剧中一个举足轻重的因素。
- Time would
- (1) 作情态动词
- come to
- (1) 作情态动词
- We
come to
the crux of the matter.
现在我们来谈问题的症结。
- We
- (2) 作主动词
- his hard work
should come to
nothing.
他的所有辛勤劳动竟全部付诸东流。
- his hard work
- (1) 作情态动词
- fail to
- (1) 作情态动词
- I
fail to
see the logic behind his argument.
我不明白支持他论据的是什么逻辑
- I
- (2) 作主动词
- The song can’t
fail to
be a hit.
这首歌不可能不流行起来。
- The song can’t
- (1) 作情态动词
- get to
- (1) 作情态动词
- pass
- (2) 作主动词
- We have to
get to
the root of the problem.
我们必须找到问题的根源。
- We have to
- (1) 作情态动词
- happen to
- (1) 作情态动词
- I
happen to
have the official statistics with me.
我身边恰好有官方的统计数字。
- I
- (2) 作主动词
- That would
happen to
us if we left the country.
如果我们出国时,也会这样。
- That would
- (1) 作情态动词
- tend to
- (1) 作情态动词
- People
tend to
work hard at this stage of life.
人在这个人生阶段往往发奋努力
- People
- (2) 作主动词
- I can’t
tend to
them both alone.
我一个人照料不了两家。
- I can’t
- (1) 作情态动词
- turn out to
- (1) 作情态动词
- pass
- (2) 作主动词
- Even the best theory can
turn out to
be wrong.
即使是最好的理论最终也可能是错的。
- Even the best theory can
- (1) 作情态动词
2.4 补充
半助动词在用法上是介于主动词和助动词之间的一类词,表达情态意义,后接动词原形,却可以加助动词。一般末尾带to 的是半助动词,但并不是所有带to的都是半助动词,如look forward to,want to等词就不是半助动词。
3 半助动词特殊用法
3.1 be + adj + to 的半助动词的特殊用法
3.1.1 It…that-分句
带有半助动词作为动词词组的组成部分的句子,有的可以转换为“ It…that-分句”结构,而有的却不可以。从这个角度看,半助动词可分为两类:一类是可以作上述转换的,其中包括be cer-tain to,be(un)likely to,appear to,happen to,seem to等。例如:
They are certain to win the game.他们肯定会在比赛中获胜。
→It is certain that they will win the game.
He is likely to let you down.他可能使你失望。
→It is likely that he will let you down.
He appears to have many friends.看来他有许多朋友。
→It appears that he has many friends.
He seems to be enjoying himself.看来他玩得很快活。
→It seems that he is enjoying himself.
I happen to have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.
我恰巧有过一些和他打交道的不愉快的经历。
→It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in deal-ing with him.
Some members of the committee seem to have been bribed.
委员会的一些成员看来是受了贿赂。
→It seems that some members of the committee have been bribed.
另一类半助动词不可以作上述转换,这一类包括be about to,be bound to,be going to,be to,had better,have to,have got to,tend to 等。
3.1.2 there
凡是能够作上述句型转换的半助动词,在there-存在句中,也可作类似的转换。
我们再从相反的方向来看这种转换关系:
It is likely that there’ll be a large audience.
→There is likely to be a large audience.
It is certain that there is trouble at the factory.
→There is certain to be trouble at the factory.
It seems that there’s a widespread change of attitude.
→There seeme to be a widespread change of attitude.
It appears that there’s no doubt about it.
→There appers to be no doubt about it.
3.3 口语中半助动词的省略式
在结束本节以前,还要提一下半助动词的省略式问题。在口语中,had better,have got to和be going to有时可用省略式。例如:
You(’d) better go now.你最好现在就去。
You(’ve)just got to help me.你得帮帮我呀。
Where(are) you going to get the money from?
你准备从哪儿去弄这笔钱?
今天的文章半助动词的用法_助动词的用法总结分享到此就结束了,感谢您的阅读。
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